Specific chemotherapeutic agents, such as anthracyclines and oxaliplatin, induce also pro-immunogenic effects, by inducing the translocation on the plasma membrane of specific “eat me” signals, like the chaperon calreticulin, which triggers the tumor cell phagocytosis and the subsequent activation of antitumor CD8 + T-lymphocytes. imatinib, dasatinib, lapatinib, gefitinib, sorafenib, erlotinib), limiting their cytotoxic effects. anthracyclines, taxanes, Vinca alkaloids, epipodophyllotoxins, topotecan, methotrexate) and new targeted drugs (e.g. Together, they efflux both classical chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. MDR can be present at the diagnosis or induced by the selective pressure of chemotherapy it often relies on the overexpression of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters responsible for the anticancer drug efflux, such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp), MDR related proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Chemoresistance, in particular the simultaneous resistance towards different chemotherapeutic agents known as multidrug resistance (MDR), is one of the biggest problems encountered by chemotherapy. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was supported by grants from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC grant MFAG 11475 the Italian Ministry of University and Research (“Future in Research program” FIRB 2012, grant RBFR12SOQ1 JK is fellow of the Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Īchieving a good chemotherapy efficacy and inducing a durable anti-tumor immune response are the main challenges of chemoimmunotherapy. Received: OctoAccepted: MaPublished: May 8, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Campia et al. PLoS ONE 10(5):Īcademic Editor: Michael Platten, University Hospital of Heidelberg, GERMANY (2015) An Autocrine Cytokine/JAK/STAT-Signaling Induces Kynurenine Synthesis in Multidrug Resistant Human Cancer Cells. Citation: Campia I, Buondonno I, Castella B, Rolando B, Kopecka J, Gazzano E, et al.